Thirteenth Amendment Anniversary

The Thirteenth Amendment of the US Constitution was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864. It was passed by the House on January 31, 1865. The required 27 of the 36 states ratified the amendment on December 18, 1865: 

"Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

"Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

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The Tet Offensive Anniversary

The Tet Offensive began on January 30 and 31, 1968. It was the largest military campaign of the Vietnam War up to that time. Named for the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, the battle was a surprise attack of North Vietnamese forces against those of South Vietnam and the United States and their allies. The offensive's three phases lasted into the autumn. The North Vietnamese leadership perceived the offensive as a failure because it did not cause a great uprising among the South Vietnamese. However, the American public opinion began to turn against the conflict. Over 16,000 American soldiers were killed in 1968; meanwhile, the Selective Service called for a larger number of draftees. On February 1, 1968, in a public execution in Saigon, South Vietnamese General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan shot a Viet Cong officer in the head. We've all seen that distressing photograph, which won the Pulitzer Prize. The picture contributed to growing American alarm about the war. 

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Happy Birthday, Albert Gallatin!

When my hometown was laid out in 1819, several of the streets were named after statesmen of the time: John Randolph, Arthur St. Clair, Richard M. Johnson, Ninian Edwards, and Albert Gallatin. (Jefferson Street was originally North Street.) Although Vandalia has a Main Street, Gallatin St has always been the town's primary thoroughfare of the business district. Albert Gallatin himself was a Swiss-born politician and diplomat who was secretary of the treasury in 1801-1814 (Jefferson's and Madison's administration). He also represented Pennsylvania in the US House and Senate, and was US minister to the UK and to France. In 1794, he calmed the protesters in the Whiskey Rebellion because the army could intervene. Gallatin also studied Native American languages and has been called "the father of American ethnology." He founded New York University. ALSO, he had the idea for a National Road. In his old age, he wrote a statement criticizing the Mexican War. When he died in 1849, he was the last surviving member of Jefferson's cabinet and the last surviving senator from the 18th century. Since photography was new in the 1840s, he lived long enough to sit for a picture. He was born January 29, 1761. There will be no quiz on all this, LOL. Back in the 1960s, when mailing a letter cost 5 cents, Gallatin appeared on the 1.25-cent stamp. Here is his grave in New York: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/375/albert-gallatin

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Anniversary of Pride and Prejudice

"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Jane Austin's second novel, "Pride and Prejudice", was published on January 28, 1813. She completed the first version in 1797 when she was 21. She had challenges during the years in between, including the difficulty of a woman finding a publisher in a male-dominated profession. Even published, she had to accept the convention that a woman author shouldn’t have her own name on the title page. (The Brontë sisters used male-sounding pen names, while Mary Shelley published "Frankenstein" without her name.) These are all immortal authors! Austen’s novels are among the most beloved of all novels. The first American edition of this one, slightly retitled "Elizabeth Bennet; or, Pride and Prejudice", appeared in 1832. Photo from Wikipedia. 

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The Famous Madame X

Born in New Orleans on January 29, 1859, Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau was a Parisian socialite married to a French banker and shipping magnate. She was celebrated for her fashion and beauty routine that emphasized her hair and her pale skin. One of John Singer Sargent's famous paintings is of her: "Portrait of Madame X" (1884). Unfortunately, the painting caused a scandal: her fair complexion was perceived as a symptom of poor health, and her dress (at first with only one strap) was provocative. It's hard not to read moral superiority rather than aesthetic judgment in the reviews. Eventually Sargent sold it to its current place, the Met in New York--and the portrait is considered one of the artist's greatest works. Gautreau had other portraits commissioned, too. She died in 1915.

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Anniversary of an Important Darwin Work

Darwin's long work, "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication" was published on this day in 1868. Published a little over eight years after "Origin of Species," the book provides Darwin's data about mechanisms of variation among domestic species and the role of environment in species development. Darwin offered his "provisional hypothesis" on what he called "pangenesis," a kind of particle mechanism for how species features are passed among generations. He didn't have the benefit of Mendel's researches on genetics, which only became widely known over thirty years later. So Darwin's provisional hypothesis wasn't as well received as his accumulation of data about variations.

 

Landscape: Bazille

"Paysage au bord du Lez" (Landscape by the River Lez) from 1870.  French impressionist painter Frédéric Bazille was born on this day in 1841.