In 1938, Herschel Grynszpan was a 19-year-old Jew born and raised in Hanover, of a Polish family. Driven to desperation by the treatment of Polish Jews in Germany, Grynszpan shot and fatally wounded the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath on November 7. Grynszpan was arrested, and his fate is unknown. But the assassination set off a wave of anti-Jewish pogroms on November 9-10 throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and areas of the Sudetenland. The violence became known as Kristallnacht, "Night of Broken Glass," because of the many Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues attacked. Kristallnacht also was a turning point in Nazi policies against the Jews.
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