Born January 12, 1907, Soviet engineer Sergei Korolev (on the right) was the lead designer and engineer in the Soviet space program of the '50s and '60s. Here he is with Yuri Gagarin, the first human to go into space. Korolev invented the R-7 rocket, the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1, and the satellite Sputnik 3. He worked on the missions that sent dogs into orbit, and also Gagarin's mission and that of Alexi Leonov, who made the first spacewalk. A successful manned mission to the moon remained out of reach for the Soviet space program. In 1938-1944 Korolev--at the time an engineer at a research institute in Leningrad--was incarcerated and sent into the Gulag system as a consequence of Stalin's Great Purge. It's likely that some of Korolev's health issues leading to his death in 1966 stemmed from that awful period.
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